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This paper reports the results of a series of vapor lock road tests on 26 cars (1966 models), half of which were equipped with exhaust emission control systems. The objectives of the tests were to determine the effect of emission controls on vapor locking tendencies, to study effects of fuel volatility and operating conditions on fuel system temperatures, and to study correlation of these temperatures with temperature versus vapor/liquid ratio characteristics of fuels. The data obtained show no significant difference in vapor locking tendency between the emission control equipped and nonequipped cars as groups, though significant differences are shown for some individual car pairs. An analysis is presented of the relation between fuel volatility, pump temperature during acceleration, and the onset of vapor lock.

The presentation here of a computer program simulating an engine cycle emphasizes mechanical factors under the control of the engine designer rather than scientific aspects of combustion. Data secured by measuring valves, manifolds, and other parts on a flow bench are used to calculate instantaneous flow in and out of the cylinder for the firing engine. Heat transfer, finite time of combustion, and variable specific heat of the gas are also calculated. The program is particularly well adapted to indicating the direction and relative magnitude of the effect of changing one variable, such as valve size, at a time.

RUMBLE is a low-frequency noise heard in high compression engines and accompanied by high rates of pressure rise. Thus, rumble indicates a rapid combustion process. This paper describes a method of studying this problem: by detection of flame fronts by ionization gaps. Results of experiments show that rumble is caused by deposit ignition in the end-gas region. These multiple ignitions occur after the normal flame front has progressed partially across the chamber. The authors conclude that this type of deposit ignition is generally a self-sustaining process, lasting until the deposits are burned out at a particular engine performance level. When the level is increased, the process repeats itself.

IN 1957 Ford introduced in its passenger cars a new rear axle incorporating a straddle-mounted pinion. This paper describes the development and features of the 2¼-in. offset axle. The author thinks the most interesting feature of the development problem was the design of the hypoid gears. The 1957 gears were designed with the deepest possible teeth to give maximum fatigue strength. They maintained the conventional scheme of 50 deg on the pinion and about 15 deg on the gear.

IT is only since World War ll that extensive study has been made of the effects of high-energy radiation on materials. However, a lack of fundamental data still prevents the making of any generalizations or detailed calculations of the effects of radiation-induced defects on the bulk properties of metals. The author discusses the problem from three points of view: 1. The effectiveness of materials in absorbing radiation. 2. The basic mechanisms of the interaction of radiation and matter—in order to determine the changes on the mechanical properties of materials. 3. Radiation as a convenient and economical source of energy for irradiation of chemical systems. The author thinks, on the basis of the limited data available, that one of the most useful effects of radiation on matter has been the use of ionizing radiation to bring about chemical reactions, especially in organic compounds.

STYLING the Continental Mark II with a very low silhouette without sacrificing leg room, seating comfort, and driver visibility was accomplished by using a specially designed frame and a 3-joint driveline. These two features are the basic engineering innovations which make possible the Continental's distinctive classic styling. As a result of this structural analysis, Ford has produced an automobile that, according to the author, has technical advancements that are of value to the consumer.

TWENTY-FIVE-YEAR statistics, detailed in this paper, show declining accident and fatality rates despite radical increase in vehicle registrations and annual vehicle miles. The author shows how the passenger-car industry has built safety into vehicles to the point where-as an example-only 14% of accidents on the Pennsylvania Turnpike over its 13-year history were attributed to vehicle failures. Paralleling these efforts and the increasing emphasis on safer highways, better traffic management and driver education, are extensive studies aimed at bypassing the human factor and increasing human safety in automotive vehicles. Among those described here are crash investigations, laboratory tests of safety devices, and establishment through various other means of design criteria for human impact tolerance.

THE study of engine life, carried out by investigating engine wear in typical service, and by then striving to find the most effective ways of controlling it, forms the basis of this paper on contaminants in lubricants. The investigation involved a study of engine wear in 20,000 miles of operation typical of the average driver. The average driver was selected by using test cars from an employee transportation car pool. At the conclusion of the tests it was found that the use of the full-flow oil filter proved to be the best method for restricting engine wear caused by contaminants that get inside the engine. It was also shown that after successfully eliminating large, solid particles, further restriction of engine wear would depend upon the ability of the oil to lubricate, and upon the engine design to provide the oil supply in a manner suitable for lubrication of each part of the engine.

PROPER protection of metal parts operating as bearing surfaces, or in contact under relatively heavy loads, during the break-in period often means the difference between successful operation and failure. Various surface coatings have been investigated to discover which ones will give this protection. The authors discuss here three types of surface treatment for cast-iron and steel that do give superior wear and scuff resistance.